Contaminated Land Management: Ready ReferenceJudith Nathanail, Paul Bardos and Paul Nathanail |
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This book contains easy-to-use tables, checklists and flowcharts provide a wealth of practical detail, such as when and where to apply a technique, its strengths and limitations, equipment to use, procedures, health and safety, timescale and cost. The tables are supported by reference to key documents including official guidance. An on-site companion for practitioners in the field and a valuable reference resource for libraries, the Ready Reference will also be of value to surveyors, legal advisers and all those who need an accessible overview of the essential elements of robust strategies for the management of contaminated sites. The text has been subject to an extensive process of peer review. |
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CONTENTS
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SITE
ASSESSMENT
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Example
tables:
In situ flushing/in situ bioremediation
So that new developments are taken into account, the Ready Reference is in a looseleaf format, and updates will be issued as appropriate. We anticipate one update per year, price variable, approx. £25 (billed separately – with no obligation to purchase). The first update was issued in 2007. Contaminated
Land Management: Ready Reference Authors:
Judith Nathanail, Paul Nathanail, Land Quality Management Ltd and
Paul Bardos, R3 Environmental Management Ltd Format:
approx 500 pages in a compact looseleaf binder and slipcase Price:
£129 UK / £135 (overseas) incl postage Publishers: Published jointly by Land Quality Press and EPP Publications ISBN 978 1 900995 07 8
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SECTION
1 – Conceptual models
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| 1.1 | The nature of conceptual models | ||||||||||||
| CSM for ecological risk assessment | |||||||||||||
| 1.2 | Worked examples of conceptual models | ||||||||||||
| Example conceptual model for a Phase 1 risk assessment | |||||||||||||
| Example conceptual model for a Phase 2 risk assessment | |||||||||||||
| 1.3 | Significant pollution linkages | ||||||||||||
| Categories of significant harm | |||||||||||||
| Significant possibility of significant harm | |||||||||||||
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SECTION
2 – PHASE 1s
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| 2.1 | Desk studies | ||||||||||||
| Information required for desk studies | |||||||||||||
| Ordnance Survey maps | |||||||||||||
| Features of geological formations in the UK relevant to contaminated land | |||||||||||||
| Groundwater and surface water classifications | |||||||||||||
| List of industry profiles published by DoE (now DEFRA) | |||||||||||||
| Schedule of contaminative uses | |||||||||||||
| 2.2 | Walkover | ||||||||||||
| Walkover surveys | |||||||||||||
| Field checklist of information to record during walkover surveys to identify potential sources of contamination | |||||||||||||
| Possible meanings of odours and colours encountered during walkover surveys | |||||||||||||
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SECTION
3 – SAMPLING STRATEGY
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| 3.1 | Soil sampling strategy | ||||||||||||
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Non-targeted sampling to detect hotspots |
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Ready reckoner for calculating number of non-targeted samples |
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| Sampling stockpiles | |||||||||||||
| 3.2 | Groundwater sampling/monitoring strategies | ||||||||||||
| 3.3 |
Gas sampling/monitoring strategies |
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| Ground gas and vapour monitoring strategies | |||||||||||||
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SECTION
4 – METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
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| 4.1 |
Safety, health and environment |
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BDA/Site Investigation Steering Group site categorisation system for
safe investigation of contaminated land |
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| 4.2 |
Geophysics |
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Uses of geophysics: determine extent of features relevant to contamination |
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Uses of geophysics: locate buried objects |
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| Uses
of geophysics: investigate groundwater |
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Uses of geophysics: investigate geology (including man-made features) |
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| 4.3 |
Intrusive investigation |
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Shallow samples - for human health risk assessment |
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Trial pits |
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Probeholes |
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Boreholes: cable percussion |
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Boreholes: rotary cored or open hole |
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Decontamination of equipment |
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| 4.4 |
Field tests |
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| Headspace tests | |||||||||||||
| 4.5 |
Groundwater investigation techniques |
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Constructing groundwater monitoring installations in boreholes |
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Groundwater monitoring and sampling |
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| 4.6 |
Gas investigation techniques |
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Constructing gas monitoring installations in probeholes |
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Constructing gas monitoring installations in boreholes |
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Gas monitoring and sampling |
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| 4.7 |
Soil and rock description |
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Soil description |
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Rock description |
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| 4.8 |
Sample handling/preservation |
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Sample handling and preservation |
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| 4.9 |
Laboratory analysis |
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Grouping of chemical compounds: organics |
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| Grouping of chemical compounds: inorganics | |||||||||||||
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List I and II substances |
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Bioaccessibility tests with respect to soil ingestion by humans |
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| 4.10 |
Outline costs |
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Guideline site investigation costs |
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| 4.11 |
Describing data |
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| Estimating the representative contaminant concentration (population mean µ) to a defined confidence level | |||||||||||||
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SECTION
5 – RISK ASSESSMENT
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| 5.1 |
The four stages of risk assessment |
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Risk assessment |
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| 5.2 |
Generic assessment criteria |
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Guideline values for soil |
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Interdepartmental Committee on the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land
(ICRCL) guideline values |
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Dutch guideline values |
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US soil screening levels (SSLs) |
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| 5.3 |
Site specific risk assessment tools for human health |
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Principles of determining site specific human health risk assessment
(HHRA) criteria |
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Site investigation input requirements for human health risk assessment
(HHRA) |
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Toxicological inputs |
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Physico-chemical properties of contaminants |
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Identifying and characterising the critical receptor |
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Exposure pathways |
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Soil ingestion exposure pathway |
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Vegetable consumption exposure pathway |
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Inhalation of soil vapours outdoors exposure pathway |
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Inhalation of soil vapours indoors exposure pathway |
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Human health risk assessment tools |
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SNIFFER 2000 |
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RBCA (Risk Based Corrective Action) |
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RiscHuman |
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Risk*Assistant |
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CLEA 2002 |
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| Uncertainty in human health risk assessment | |||||||||||||
| 5.4 |
Risk assessment for groundwater |
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Groundwater risk assessment |
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Methodology for derivation of remedial targets for soil and groundwater
to protect water resources |
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Preliminary assessment of risk for groundwater |
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Tier analysis for soil to derive remediation target concentrations
for water resources protection |
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Tier analysis for groundwater to derive remediation target concentrations
for water resources protection |
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Water quality standards |
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ConSim contamination impact on groundwater: simulation by Monte Carlo
Method |
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| 5.5 |
Risk assessment for gas |
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Risk assessment for gases |
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Some current guideline values for gases |
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Descriptors for some factors considered when classifying gassing sites |
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Characteristic situations developed by Wilson and Card (1999) |
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GasSim |
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| 5.6 |
Risk assessment for ecology |
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Designated ecoreceptors |
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The ecological risk framework |
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Tier 0 |
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Tier 1 |
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Tier 2 |
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| 5.7 |
Risk assessment for buildings |
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| 5.8 |
Risk assessment for property |
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PART
B RISK MANAGEMENT
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SECTION
6 – RISK MANAGEMENT
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| 6.1 |
Techniques, principles and approaches |
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Remedial measures in overview |
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Treatment systems in remediation - basic concepts |
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Ex situ methods |
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In situ methods |
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Civil engineering-based methods |
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| Physical and chemical treatments | |||||||||||||
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Biological treatments |
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Solidification/stabilisation treatments |
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Thermal treatments |
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Remediation to protect development from hazardous gases |
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Treatment configurations |
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Recovery and reuse |
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Operating window outlines |
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| 6.2 |
Risk management techniques - key principles and approaches - special
circumstances |
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| Remediation of radionuclide contamination | |||||||||||||
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SECTION
7 – RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
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| 7.1 | Civil
engineering-based methods |
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Excavation and related materials handling |
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Off-site disposal and re-use of contaminated materials |
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Infilling void |
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| Cover systems/surface horizontal barriers | |||||||||||||
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Vertical barriers |
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| 7.2 |
Primarily in situ methods |
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Soil venting, bioventing and bioslurping |
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Air sparging and biosparging |
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Pump and treat |
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In situ flushing/in situ bioremediation |
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Permeable reactive barriers |
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Redox amendments for enhanced bioremediation |
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In situ oxidation and reduction techniques |
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Electro-remediation |
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Phytoremediation |
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Energy forestry and remediation |
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Monitored natural attenuation |
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In situ thermal |
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Fracturing techniques |
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| 7.3 |
Primarily ex situ methods |
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Ex situ bioremediation |
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Soil washing and related ex situ treatments |
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Solidification/stabilisation processes |
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Thermal treatments |
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Vitrification |
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| Ex situ water and gas/vapour treatment | |||||||||||||
| 7.4 |
Remediation to protect development from hazardous gases |
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Dilution and dispersion of gases in-ground |
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Gas barriers in-ground |
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| Dilution
and dispersion of gases for buildings |
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Gas barriers for buildings |
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Long-term post construction monitoring for gases |
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SECTION
8 – RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES: OPTION APPRAISAL AND IMPLEMENTATION
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| 8.1 |
Option appraisal and implementation in overview |
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| 8.2 |
Option appraisal |
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Simplified treatment technologies screening matrix (source and/or
pathway management) |
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Simplified risk management application matrix |
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| Interacting
with stakeholders |
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Cost benefit appraisal |
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Considering sustainable development |
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| 8.3 | Implementation | ||||||||||||
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PART
C APPENDICES
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SECTION
9 – USEFUL INFORMATION
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| 9.1 |
Useful information |
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Ordnance Survey abbreviations |
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Some useful conversions |
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Example hydrocarbon structures |
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Geological time scale |
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| 9.2 |
Statistical tables |
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Percentage points of the normal distribution |
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Percentage points of the Student t distribution |
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Values of H for computing 95% UCL on a lognormal mean |
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| 9.3 |
Websites |
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